Ottoman expansion into Hungary led to frequent conflicts between the two empires, particularly evident in the Long War of 1593 to 1606. In 1526, following the Battle of Mohács, Bohemia and the part of Hungary not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule. In 1496, his son Philip the Fair married Joanna the Mad, the heiress of Castile and Aragon, thus acquiring Spain and its Italian, African, Asian and New World appendages for the Habsburgs. In 1477, Archduke Maximilian, only son of Emperor Frederick III, married the heiress Maria of Burgundy, thus acquiring most of the Netherlands for the family.
The Habsburgs began also to accumulate territory far from the hereditary lands. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, henceforth every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception. In 1438, Duke Albert V of Austria was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. Thereafter, until World War I, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the Habsburgs. His reign came to an end with his defeat at Dürnkrut at the hands of Rudolph I of Germany in 1278. Īs a result, Ottokar II of Bohemia effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. With the death of Frederick II in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs was extinguished. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of Styria. In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. The first record showing the name Austria is from 996, where it is written as Ostarrîchi, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March. Venus of Willendorf, 28,000 to 25,000 BC, at the Museum of Natural History Vienna It also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. It hosts the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. Austria is consistently listed as one of the richest countries in the world by GDP per capita and one of the countries with the highest standard of living it was ranked 25th in the world for its Human Development Index in 2021.Īustria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and of the European Union since 1995.
Major cities include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg, and Innsbruck. After its liberation in 1945 and a decade of Allied occupation, the country regained its sovereignty and declared its perpetual neutrality in 1955.Īustria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a popularly elected president as head of state and a chancellor as head of government and chief executive. A year before the outbreak of World War II, Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany by Adolf Hitler, and it became a sub-national division. During the interwar period, anti-parliamentarian sentiments culminated in the formation of an Austrofascist dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934.
The empire's defeat and subsequent collapse led to the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria in 1918 and the First Austrian Republic in 1919. The empire's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 led to the end of the Confederation and paved the way for the establishment of Austria-Hungary a year later.Īfter the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia, which ultimately escalated into World War I. After the Empire's dissolution in 1806, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the dominant member of the German Confederation. In the 16th century, Vienna began serving as the administrative imperial capital, and Austria thus became the heartland of the House of Habsburg. Originally a margraviate of Bavaria, it later developed into a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1156, and then an archduchy, in 1453. Īustria emerged from the remnants of the Eastern and Hungarian March at the end of the first millennium. It occupies an area of 83,871 km 2 (32,383 sq mi) and has a population of 9 million. The country is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
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